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      1. Styku Knowledge Base
      2. How to Use the Styku Software
      3. Reports and Sharing

      What study references back up your metrics in the Styku Scan Report?

      See a list of references validating our Scan Report here.

      *This sub-article refers to the notations in our article How do I explain and understand the contents of the Scan Report?

      Section: Basic Info

      References

      1. Kelly JS, Metcalfe J. Validity and Reliability of Body Composition Analysis Using the Tanita BC418-MA. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online. 2012 Dec 1;15(6).
      2. Sun G, French CR, Martin GR, Younghusband B, Green RC, Xie YG, Mathews M, Barron JR, Fitzpatrick DG, Gulliver W, Zhang H. Comparison of multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for assessment of percentage body fat in a large, healthy population. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2005 Jan 1;81(1):74-8.
      3. Fryar CD, Carroll MD, Afful J. Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and severe obesity among adults aged 20 and over: United States, 1960–1962 through 2017–2018. NCHS Health E-Stats. 2020.
      4. Sareen R. Styku Phoenix: Predicting Dexa body composition using 3D full body Infrared Scanning. Styku Research. 2018. Available from: https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/2640795/Styku%20Phoenix%20-%20Pilot%20Validation%20Study-1.pdf 
      5. Bennett JP, Liu YE, Quon BK, Kelly NN, Wong MC, Kennedy SF, Chow DC, Garber AK, Weiss EJ, Heymsfield SB, Shepherd JA. Assessment of clinical measures of total and regional body composition from a commercial 3-dimensional optical body scanner. Clinical Nutrition. 2022 Jan 1;41(1):211-8.
      6. Bennett JP, Liu YE, Quon BK, Kelly NN, Leong LT, Wong MC, Kennedy SF, Chow DC, Garber AK, Weiss EJ, Heymsfield SB. Three‐dimensional optical body shape and features improve prediction of metabolic disease risk in a diverse sample of adults. Obesity. 2022 Aug;30(8):1589-98.
      7. ​​Delisle-Houde P, Reid RE, Insogna JA, Prokop NW, Buchan TA, Fontaine SL, Andersen RE. Comparing DXA and air displacement plethysmography to assess body composition of male collegiate hockey players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2019 Feb 1;33(2):474-8.
      8. Kuriyan, R. (2018). Body composition techniques. The Indian journal of medical research, 148(5), 648.
      9. Lavie CJ, De Schutter A, Patel DA, Romero-Corral A, Artham SM, Milani RV. Body composition and survival in stable coronary heart disease: impact of lean mass index and body fat in the “obesity paradox”. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2012 Oct 9;60(15):1374-80.
      10. Exercise AC. Ace Lifestyle & Weight Management Consultant Manual, The Ultimate Resource for Fitness Professionals. American Council on Exercise; 2009.
      11. Cheung CL, Lee GK, Au PC, Li GH, Chan M, Li HL, Cheung BM, Wong IC, Lee VH, Mok J, Yip BH. Systematic review and meta-analysis of lean mass and mortality: Rationale and study description. Osteoporosis and sarcopenia. 2021 Mar 1;7:S3-12.
      12. Hughes VA, Frontera WR, Wood M, Evans WJ, Dallal GE, Roubenoff R, Singh MA. Longitudinal muscle strength changes in older adults: influence of muscle mass, physical activity, and health. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2001 May 1;56(5):B209-17.
      13. Batsis JA, Mackenzie TA, Emeny RT, Lopez-Jimenez F, Bartels SJ. Low lean mass with and without obesity, and mortality: results from the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biomedical Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2017 Oct 1;72(10):1445-51.
      14. Chuang HH, Li WC, Sheu BF, Liao SC, Chen JY, Chang KC, Tsai YW. Correlation between body composition and risk factors for cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. Biofactors. 2012 Jul;38(4):284-91.
      15. Zeng Q, Dong SY, Sun XN, Xie J, Cui Y. Percent body fat is a better predictor of cardiovascular risk factors than body mass index. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2012;45:591-600.
      16. Kumagai M, Yahagi N. Basal metabolic rate. In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine 2020 Oct 20 (pp. 200-201). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
      17. Pavlidou E, Papadopoulou SK, Seroglou K, Giaginis C. Revised Harris–Benedict Equation: New Human Resting Metabolic Rate Equation. Metabolites. 2023 Feb;13(2):189.
      18. Roberts SB, Dallal GE. Energy requirements and aging. Public health nutrition. 2005 Oct;8(7a):1028-36.
      19. Harris JA, Benedict FG. A biometric study of human basal metabolism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1918 Dec;4(12):370-3.
      20. Harris JA, Benedict FG. A biometric study of basal metabolism in man. Carnegie institution of Washington; 1919.
      21. Arciero PJ, Goran MI, Poehlman ET. Resting metabolic rate is lower in women than in men. Journal of applied physiology. 1993 Dec 1;75(6):2514-20.
      22. Nyberg ST, Batty GD, Pentti J, Virtanen M, Alfredsson L, Fransson EI, Goldberg M, Heikkilä K, Jokela M, Knutsson A, Koskenvuo M. Obesity and loss of disease-free years owing to major non-communicable diseases: a multicohort study. The lancet Public health. 2018 Oct 1;3(10):e490-7.
      23. Zhang C, Rexrode KM, Van Dam RM, Li TY, Hu FB. Abdominal obesity and the risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: sixteen years of follow-up in US women. Circulation. 2008 Apr 1;117(13):1658-67.
      24. De Koning L, Merchant AT, Pogue J, Anand SS. Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular events: meta-regression analysis of prospective studies. European heart journal. 2007 Apr 1;28(7):850-6.
      25. Després JP. Health consequences of visceral obesity. Annals of medicine. 2001 Jan 1;33(8):534-41.
      26. Matsuzawa Y, Nakamura T, Shimomura I, Kotani K. Visceral fat accumulation and cardiovascular disease. Obesity research. 1995 Dec;3(S5):645S-7S.
      27. Abdullah A, Stoelwinder J, Shortreed S, Wolfe R, Stevenson C, Walls H, de Courten M, Peeters A. The duration of obesity and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Public health nutrition. 2011 Jan;14(1):119-26.
      28. Jafari-Koshki T, Mansourian M, Hosseini SM, Amini M. Association of waist and hip circumference and waist-hip ratio with type 2 diabetes risk in first-degree relatives. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications. 2016 Aug 1;30(6):1050-5.
      29. Sami W, Ansari T, Butt NS, Ab Hamid MR. Effect of diet on type 2 diabetes mellitus: A review. International journal of health sciences. 2017 Apr;11(2):65.
      30. Barberio AM, Alareeki A, Viner B, Pader J, Vena JE, Arora P, Friedenreich CM, Brenner DR. Central body fatness is a stronger predictor of cancer risk than overall body size. Nature communications. 2019 Jan 22;10(1):383.
      31. Katzmarzyk PT, Reeder BA, Elliott S, Joffres MR, Pahwa P, Raine KD, Kirkland SA, Paradis G. Body mass index and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer and all-cause mortality. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 2012 Mar;103:147-51.
      32. Zhang C, Rexrode KM, Van Dam RM, Li TY, Hu FB. Abdominal obesity and the risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: sixteen years of follow-up in US women. Circulation. 2008 Apr 1;117(13):1658-67.
      33. Poulain M, Doucet M, Major GC, Drapeau V, Sériès F, Boulet LP, Tremblay A, Maltais F. The effect of obesity on chronic respiratory diseases: pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies. Cmaj. 2006 Apr 25;174(9):1293-9.
      34. Zammit C, Liddicoat H, Moonsie I, Makker H. Obesity and respiratory diseases. International journal of general medicine. 2010 Oct 20:335-43.
      35. Gibson GJ. Obesity, respiratory function and breathlessness. Thorax. 2000 Aug;55(Suppl 1):S41.
      36. Anderson JW, Konz EC. Obesity and disease management: effects of weight loss on comorbid conditions. Obesity research. 2001 Nov;9(S11):326S-34S.
      37. Bigaard J, Frederiksen K, Tjønneland A, Thomsen BL, Overvad K, Heitmann BL, Sørensen TI. Waist circumference and body composition in relation to all-cause mortality in middle-aged men and women. International journal of obesity. 2005 Jul;29(7):778-84.
      38. Katzmarzyk PT, Reeder BA, Elliott S, Joffres MR, Pahwa P, Raine KD, Kirkland SA, Paradis G. Body mass index and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer and all-cause mortality. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 2012 Mar;103:147-51.
      39. Zhang C, Rexrode KM, Van Dam RM, Li TY, Hu FB. Abdominal obesity and the risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: sixteen years of follow-up in US women. Circulation. 2008 Apr 1;117(13):1658-67.

      Section: 3D Scan and Measurements

      References

      1. Després, J. P. (2012). Body fat distribution and risk of cardiovascular disease: an update. Circulation, 126(10), 1301-1313.
      2. Bell JA, Sabia S, Singh-Manoux A, Hamer M, Kivimäki M. Healthy obesity and risk of accelerated functional decline and disability. International Journal of Obesity. 2017 Jun;41(6):866-72.
      3. Myers A, Rosen JC. Obesity stigmatization and coping: relation to mental health symptoms, body image, and self-esteem. International journal of obesity. 1999 Mar;23(3):221-30.
      4. Cheung CL, Lee GK, Au PC, Li GH, Chan M, Li HL, Cheung BM, Wong IC, Lee VH, Mok J, Yip BH. Systematic review and meta-analysis of lean mass and mortality: Rationale and study description. Osteoporosis and sarcopenia. 2021 Mar 1;7:S3-12.
      5. Batsis JA, Mackenzie TA, Emeny RT, Lopez-Jimenez F, Bartels SJ. Low lean mass with and without obesity, and mortality: results from the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biomedical Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2017 Oct 1;72(10):1445-51.
      6. Hughes VA, Frontera WR, Wood M, Evans WJ, Dallal GE, Roubenoff R, Singh MA. Longitudinal muscle strength changes in older adults: influence of muscle mass, physical activity, and health. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2001 May 1;56(5):B209-17.
      7. McPherron AC, Guo T, Bond ND, Gavrilova O. Increasing muscle mass to improve metabolism. Adipocyte. 2013 Apr 1;2(2):92-8.
      8. Almeida M. Aging mechanisms in bone. BoneKEy reports. 2012 Jul 1;1.
      9. Hui SL, Slemenda CW, Johnston CC. Age and bone mass as predictors of fracture in a prospective study. The Journal of clinical investigation. 1988 Jun 1;81(6):1804-9.
      10. Riggs BL. Overview of osteoporosis. Western journal of medicine. 1991 Jan;154(1):63.
      11. Office of the Surgeon General (US. Bone health and osteoporosis: a report of the Surgeon General.
      12. Kang SM, Yoon JW, Ahn HY, Kim SY, Lee KH, Shin H, Choi SH, Park KS, Jang HC, Lim S. Android fat depot is more closely associated with metabolic syndrome than abdominal visceral fat in elderly people. PloS one. 2011 Nov 11;6(11):e27694.
      13. Samsell L, Regier M, Walton C, Cottrell L. Importance of android/gynoid fat ratio in predicting metabolic and cardiovascular disease risk in normal weight as well as overweight and obese children. Journal of obesity. 2014 Oct;2014.
      14. Min KB, Min JY. Android and gynoid fat percentages and serum lipid levels in United States adults. Clinical Endocrinology. 2015 Mar;82(3):377-87.
      15. Okosun IS, Seale JP, Lyn R. Commingling effect of gynoid and android fat patterns on cardiometabolic dysregulation in normal weight American adults. Nutrition & Diabetes. 2015 May;5(5):e155-.
      16. Wiklund P, Toss F, Weinehall L, Hallmans G, Franks PW, Nordstrom A, Nordstrom P. Abdominal and gynoid fat mass are associated with cardiovascular risk factors in men and women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2008 Nov 1;93(11):4360-6.
      17. Després JP. Health consequences of visceral obesity. Annals of medicine. 2001 Jan 1;33(8):534-41.
      18. Matsuzawa Y, Nakamura T, Shimomura I, Kotani K. Visceral fat accumulation and cardiovascular disease. Obesity research. 1995 Dec;3(S5):645S-7S.
      19. Matsuzawa Y, Shimomura I, Nakamura T, Keno Y, Kotani K, Tokunaga K. Pathophysiology and pathogenesis of visceral fat obesity. Obesity research. 1995 Sep;3(S2):187s-94s.
      20. Tchernof A, Després JP. Pathophysiology of human visceral obesity: an update. Physiological reviews. 2013.
      21. Janssen I, Heymsfield SB, Allison DB, Kotler DP, Ross R. Body mass index and waist circumference independently contribute to the prediction of nonabdominal, abdominal subcutaneous, and visceral fat. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2002 Apr 1;75(4):683-8.
      22. Bouchi R, Takeuchi T, Akihisa M, Ohara N, Nakano Y, Nishitani R, Murakami M, Fukuda T, Fujita M, Minami I, Izumiyama H. High visceral fat with low subcutaneous fat accumulation as a determinant of atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovascular diabetology. 2015 Dec;14:1-7.
      23. Smith SR, Lovejoy JC, Greenway F, Ryan D, deJonge L, de la Bretonne J, Volafova J, Bray GA. Contributions of total body fat, abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue compartments, and visceral adipose tissue to the metabolic complications of obesity. Metabolism-Clinical and Experimental. 2001 Apr 1;50(4):425-35.

      Section: Body Composition & Rankings

      References

      1. Sareen R. Styku Phoenix: Predicting Dexa body composition using 3D full body Infrared Scanning. Styku Research. 2018. Available from: https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/2640795/Styku%20Phoenix%20-%20Pilot%20Validation%20Study-1.pdf 
      2. Bennett JP, Liu YE, Quon BK, Kelly NN, Wong MC, Kennedy SF, Chow DC, Garber AK, Weiss EJ, Heymsfield SB, Shepherd JA. Assessment of clinical measures of total and regional body composition from a commercial 3-dimensional optical body scanner. Clinical Nutrition. 2022 Jan 1;41(1):211-8.
      3. Bennett JP, Liu YE, Quon BK, Kelly NN, Leong LT, Wong MC, Kennedy SF, Chow DC, Garber AK, Weiss EJ, Heymsfield SB. Three‐dimensional optical body shape and features improve prediction of metabolic disease risk in a diverse sample of adults. Obesity. 2022 Aug;30(8):1589-98.
      4. Exercise AC. Ace Lifestyle & Weight Management Consultant Manual, The Ultimate Resource for Fitness Professionals. American Council on Exercise; 2009.

      Section: Activity & Caloric Expenditure

      References

      1. Kumagai M, Yahagi N. Basal metabolic rate. In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine 2020 Oct 20 (pp. 200-201). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
      2. Harris JA, Benedict FG. A biometric study of human basal metabolism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1918 Dec;4(12):370-3.
      3. Harris JA, Benedict FG. A biometric study of basal metabolism in man. Carnegie institution of Washington; 1919.
      4. Pavlidou E, Papadopoulou SK, Seroglou K, Giaginis C. Revised Harris–Benedict Equation: New Human Resting Metabolic Rate Equation. Metabolites. 2023 Feb;13(2):189.
      5. Westerterp KR. Physical activity and physical activity induced energy expenditure in humans: measurement, determinants, and effects. Frontiers in physiology. 2013 Apr 26;4:90.
      6. Heaney J. Energy: Expenditure, intake, lack of. In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine 2020 Oct 20 (pp. 778-779). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
      7. Westerterp KR. Diet induced thermogenesis. Nutrition & metabolism. 2004 Dec;1(1):1-5.
      8. Kenney WL, Wilmore JH, Costill DL. Physiology of sport and exercise. Human kinetics; 2021 Oct 26.
      9. Wishnofsky M. Caloric equivalents of gained or lost weight. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1958;6:542-6.
      10. Serdula MK, Mokdad AH, Williamson DF, Galuska DA, Mendlein JM, Heath GW. Prevalence of attempting weight loss and strategies for controlling weight. Jama. 1999 Oct 13;282(14):1353-8.

      Section: Waist Analysis

      References

      1. De Koning L, Merchant AT, Pogue J, Anand SS. Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular events: meta-regression analysis of prospective studies. European heart journal. 2007 Apr 1;28(7):850-6.
      2. Després JP. Body fat distribution and risk of cardiovascular disease: an update. Circulation. 2012 Sep 4;126(10):1301-13.
      3. Kang SM, Yoon JW, Ahn HY, Kim SY, Lee KH, Shin H, Choi SH, Park KS, Jang HC, Lim S. Android fat depot is more closely associated with metabolic syndrome than abdominal visceral fat in elderly people. PloS one. 2011 Nov 11;6(11):e27694.
      4. Samsell L, Regier M, Walton C, Cottrell L. Importance of android/gynoid fat ratio in predicting metabolic and cardiovascular disease risk in normal weight as well as overweight and obese children. Journal of obesity. 2014 Oct;2014.
      5. Bennett JP, Liu YE, Quon BK, Kelly NN, Leong LT, Wong MC, Kennedy SF, Chow DC, Garber AK, Weiss EJ, Heymsfield SB. Three‐dimensional optical body shape and features improve prediction of metabolic disease risk in a diverse sample of adults. Obesity. 2022 Aug;30(8):1589-98.
      6. Bigaard J, Frederiksen K, Tjønneland A, Thomsen BL, Overvad K, Heitmann BL, Sørensen TI. Waist circumference and body composition in relation to all-cause mortality in middle-aged men and women. International journal of obesity. 2005 Jul;29(7):778-84.
      7. Siren R, Eriksson JG, Vanhanen H. Waist circumference a good indicator of future risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. BMC public health. 2012 Dec;12(1):1-6.
      8. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, Gordon DJ, Krauss RM, Savage PJ, Smith Jr SC, Spertus JA. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute scientific statement. Circulation. 2005 Oct 25;112(17):2735-52.
      9. International Diabetes Federation. The IDF consensus worldwide definition of metabolic syndrome. Brussels. 2006.
      10. World Health Organization. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications: report of a WHO consultation. Part 1, Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. World health organization; 1999.

      Section: Health Risks

      References

      1. Bigaard J, Frederiksen K, Tjønneland A, Thomsen BL, Overvad K, Heitmann BL, Sørensen TI. Waist circumference and body composition in relation to all-cause mortality in middle-aged men and women. International journal of obesity. 2005 Jul;29(7):778-84.
      2. Siren R, Eriksson JG, Vanhanen H. Waist circumference a good indicator of future risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. BMC public health. 2012 Dec;12(1):1-6.
      3. Dobbelsteyn CJ, Joffres MR, MacLean DR, Flowerdew G. A comparative evaluation of waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index as indicators of cardiovascular risk factors. The Canadian Heart Health Surveys. International journal of obesity. 2001 May;25(5):652-61.
      4. Huxley R, Mendis S, Zheleznyakov E, Reddy S, Chan J. Body mass index, waist circumference and waist: hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular risk—a review of the literature. European journal of clinical nutrition. 2010 Jan;64(1):16-22.
      5. Barberio AM, Alareeki A, Viner B, Pader J, Vena JE, Arora P, Friedenreich CM, Brenner DR. Central body fatness is a stronger predictor of cancer risk than overall body size. Nature communications. 2019 Jan 22;10(1):383.
      6. Katzmarzyk PT, Reeder BA, Elliott S, Joffres MR, Pahwa P, Raine KD, Kirkland SA, Paradis G. Body mass index and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer and all-cause mortality. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 2012 Mar;103:147-51.
      7. Zhang C, Rexrode KM, Van Dam RM, Li TY, Hu FB. Abdominal obesity and the risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: sixteen years of follow-up in US women. Circulation. 2008 Apr 1;117(13):1658-67.
      8. Donohoe CL, Doyle SL, Reynolds JV. Visceral adiposity, insulin resistance and cancer risk. Diabetology & metabolic syndrome. 2011 Dec;3(1):1-3.
      9. Cleary MP, Grossmann ME. Obesity and breast cancer: the estrogen connection. Endocrinology. 2009 Jun 1;150(6):2537-42.
      10. Austin H, Austin Jr JM, Partridge EE, Hatch KD, Shingleton HM. Endometrial cancer, obesity, and body fat distribution. Cancer research. 1991 Jan 15;51(2):568-72.
      11. De Koning L, Merchant AT, Pogue J, Anand SS. Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular events: meta-regression analysis of prospective studies. European heart journal. 2007 Apr 1;28(7):850-6.
      12. Després JP. Health consequences of visceral obesity. Annals of medicine. 2001 Jan 1;33(8):534-41.
      13. Matsuzawa Y, Nakamura T, Shimomura I, Kotani K. Visceral fat accumulation and cardiovascular disease. Obesity research. 1995 Dec;3(S5):645S-7S.
      14. Alexopoulos N, Katritsis D, Raggi P. Visceral adipose tissue as a source of inflammation and promoter of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2014 Mar 1;233(1):104-12.
      15. Poulain M, Doucet M, Major GC, Drapeau V, Sériès F, Boulet LP, Tremblay A, Maltais F. The effect of obesity on chronic respiratory diseases: pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies. Cmaj. 2006 Apr 25;174(9):1293-9.
      16. Zammit C, Liddicoat H, Moonsie I, Makker H. Obesity and respiratory diseases. International journal of general medicine. 2010 Oct 20:335-43.
      17. Leitzmann MF, Moore SC, Koster A, Harris TB, Park Y, Hollenbeck A, Schatzkin A. Waist circumference as compared with body-mass index in predicting mortality from specific causes. PloS one. 2011 Apr 26;6(4):e18582.
      18. Gibson GJ. Obesity, respiratory function and breathlessness. Thorax. 2000 Aug;55(Suppl 1):S41.
      19. Anderson JW, Konz EC. Obesity and disease management: effects of weight loss on comorbid conditions. Obesity research. 2001 Nov;9(S11):326S-34S.
      20. Bigaard J, Frederiksen K, Tjønneland A, Thomsen BL, Overvad K, Heitmann BL, Sørensen TI. Waist circumference and body composition in relation to all-cause mortality in middle-aged men and women. International journal of obesity. 2005 Jul;29(7):778-84.
      21. Katzmarzyk PT, Reeder BA, Elliott S, Joffres MR, Pahwa P, Raine KD, Kirkland SA, Paradis G. Body mass index and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer and all-cause mortality. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 2012 Mar;103:147-51.
      22. Zhang C, Rexrode KM, Van Dam RM, Li TY, Hu FB. Abdominal obesity and the risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: sixteen years of follow-up in US women. Circulation. 2008 Apr 1;117(13):1658-67.

      Section: Inch-Loss Goal

      References

      1. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, Gordon DJ, Krauss RM, Savage PJ, Smith Jr SC, Spertus JA. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute scientific statement. Circulation. 2005 Oct 25;112(17):2735-52.
      2. International Diabetes Federation. The IDF consensus worldwide definition of metabolic syndrome. Brussels. 2006.
      3. Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Ross R, Leon AS, Skinner JS, Rao DC, Wilmore JH, Rankinen T, Bouchard C. Fitness alters the associations of BMI and waist circumference with total and abdominal fat. Obesity research. 2004 Mar;12(3):525-37.